Faith of Children by Proxy Essay Example for Free

Faith of Children by Proxy Essay In response to the query as to how an infant can be capable of making an act of faith, which is regarded as being necessary for baptism; Catholics refer to faith of infants born into Christian home, as guaranteed by faith of their parents and sponsors. The parents of such infants have the bounding duty to bring them up as Christians. When such children have grown in the faith their baptism is now given ‘confirmation’. In Mark 2: 1-5, an example of faith by proxy, sufficient for salvation of another is often cited by Catholics. ‘And after some days, He again entered into Capernaum. And it was heard that He was in the house. And so many gathered that there was no room left, not even at the door. And He spoke the word to them. And they came to Him, bringing a paralytic, who was being carried by four men. And when they were not able to present him to Him because of the crowd, they uncovered the roof where He was. And opening it, they lowered down the stretcher on which the paralytic was lying. Then, when Jesus had seen their faith, he said to the paralytic, â€Å"Son, your sins are forgiven you. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ {Mark 2:1-5} In this passage, the Lord Jesus offered salvation and remission of sins to a paralytic man, based on the faith of those who brought him to Jesus, not necessarily on the faith of the sick man himself; because he was obviously incapable of professing his own faith. Therefore in like manner, Catholics who take their infants to Jesus for baptism are substituting their faith for that for the faith of their children. Another example of faith of one person guaranteeing salvation for another is found in the book of Matthew: ‘And when he had entered into Capernaum, a centurion approached, petitioning him, and saying, â€Å"Lord, my servant lies at home paralyzed and badly tormented. † And Jesus said to him, â€Å"I will come and heal him. †And responding, the centurion said: â€Å"Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof, but only say the word and my servant shall be healed†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  And, hearing this, Jesus wondered. And he said to those following him: â€Å"Amen I say to you, I have not found so great a faith in Israel†. And Jesus said to the centurion, â€Å"Go, and just as you have believed, so let it be done for you. † And the servant was healed at that very hour. { Matthew 8: 5-13} Salvation for Whole Household Examples abound in the Holy Scriptures where the faith of the head of a household led to salvation of the whole household, children included. In Acts11, we read about a man being saved along with his entire household after Simon Peter had preached the gospel to them. ‘†¦. And he described for us how he had seen an Angel in his house, standing and saying to him: ‘Send to Joppa and summon Simon, who is surnamed Peter. And he shall speak to you words, by which you shall be saved with your whole house. ’ And when I had begun to speak, the Holy Spirit fell upon them, just as upon us also, in the beginning. ’ {Acts 11:13-15} Therefore, Catholics take the informed Biblical view that since a whole household can be saved by the profession of faith of the head of the house and consequently all members of the household are baptized including little children, the Bible supports the Catholic practice of baptism of infants. Authority from Church Accepted Tradition The second major source of authority for the Catholic practice of baptizing infants is the accepted practice dating back to the very beginning of Christianity, the Apostolic Church. Right from the earliest days of the Christian Church, infant baptism has been an accepted practice. One Church authority, Origen wrote in the third century AD: Baptism is given for the remission of sins; and according to the usage of the Church, Baptism is given even to infants. And, indeed, if there were nothing in infants that required the remission of sins and nothing in them pertinent to forgiveness, the grace of Baptism would be superfluous. (Origen, Homily on Leviticus 8:3 AD 244) The Roman Catholic Church which succeeded the early Apostolic Church reaffirmed the correctness of the practice of baptism for infants and has continued the practice to this day. WORKS CITED Origen, Homily on Leviticus 8:3 AD 244 The Sacred Bible: The Acts of the Apostles http://www.catholicdoors.com/

New York City Before, During, and After the Civil War Essays -- Histor

New York City Before, During, and After the Civil War In its long and illustrious history, New York City (NYC) has gone through tremendous change. From a small trading post on the tip of Manhattan Island, to the greatest metropolis in the world, NYC has continued to evolve over time. One period in particular that had more degrees of change than many others, was 1860 to 1865. The lives of the residents of the great port city would be completely changed forever. The common life of a NYC merchant in 1860 was that of a well-rounded diplomat. One who was able to make deals with both the Southern plantation owner, who sold him the cotton from which the merchant made his money, and the European who the merchant sold this cotton to. This merchant was well aware of how the cotton came from the ground, through the gin, and into the bales. He was well aware that his whole economy was based on this cotton. He also had moral feelings toward the "peculiar institution" that had given him this cotton to trade. But the question on his mind is, "why bite the hand that feeds you?" Anxiety and fear were common emotions faced by these merchants at that time. If you were to sever the ties between the north and the south, what will America's greatest importing and exporting city do? Will this schism between the nation cause NYC's growth to stop? What effect, if any, would the formation of a new republic in the south have on the lives of the people and commerce of the City? In 1860, there were several different directions NYC could go. One option would be to stay firm and represent the ideals of capitalism, freedom, and liberty, which had made the city so strong. To side with the nation that their grandparents had liberated ... ...3-140 5. Foner Ph.D., Phillps Business and Slavery, The New York Merchants and the Irrepressible Conflict New York: Russell and Russell, 1968 6. Freeman, Andrew A. Abraham Lincoln Goes to New York New York: Coward-McCann, Inc., 1960 Pages 100-121 7. Harris, Bill The History Of New York City New York: Archive Publishing, 1999 Pages 98-111 8. Pleasants, Samuel Agustus Fernando Wood Of New York- Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law New York: Colombia University Press, 1948 Pages 102-125 Works Cited 1. Pleasants page 115 2. Pleasants page 115 3. Pleasants page 116 4. Alexander page 348 5. Pleasants page 103 6. Barrows page 869 7. Pleasants page 143 8. Barrows page 893 9. Barrows page 903 10. Gettysburg Address

Pizza! the Best Party Food Essay

Ding! Dong! â€Å"The pizza’s here everybody†. What do you mostly always eat when there is a party? What do you expect to eat at a party? That’s right! It’s pizza. A party without pizza is like a store without anything to sell. Some reasons that it is the best party food is that everybody eats it and is easy to get. Another reason is that everyone loves it. So why not get pizza the next time you decide to throw a party. First of all, lactose intolerant people aside, who doesn’t love when the pizza guy arrives at the door with, boxes of that deliciousness. Also it is the easiest thing to get for a party is pizza. Its so hard to cook for anywhere from 50-100 people. That would take hours of work and make the house smell bad. Why not just spend 60 dollars and get about seven whole boxes of Pizza Hut, Domino’s, DiGiorno’s, or anything else. Its saves so much time and the trouble of cooking. Also who knows if they will honestly even like the food you cook. When getting pizza you know everybody will eat it because the hosts of parties know people love pizza. Do you want to be remembered as a good host or party thrower? Then go buy pizza. You will probably spend that much on whatever you are cooking any way. So take the easy way out, and also the smart way. Next, everyone enjoys pizza, name one person that just doesn’t enjoy pizza. The perfect blend of cheese, tomato, and bread gets everyone’s mouths watering. Everyone just can’t resist from taking a slice. On the other hand it also tastes very good with drinks such as sodas. You can have all the wings and breadsticks you want but no matter what it won’t be a party without pizza. If I ever met someone who doesn’t like pizza I would interrogate him with questions. Did you ever even try it? Are you crazy? What’s wrong with you? What planet have you come from? Good thing I have never met anyone like that. Pizza is also rated the peoples’ most favorite food worldwide. So at a party you know it’s pretty demanding. If people don’t get pizza then it will make the guests unhappy and unsatisfied in their stomach. Overall there is no way around it. Pizza is the king of the party. It is the stomach filler. It is the most essential ingredient to making a successful party.

The Gentle Meditation, The Violets, By Gwen Harwood

Understanding a poet’s context can greatly shape a person’s understanding of their poetry. Australian poet Gwen Harwood (1920-1995) was born into a self-sufficient family full of music, philosophy and language. Harwood can be seen to draw inspiration from her lifelong influences, primarily music and her childhood, to shape her poems. The gentle meditation, The Violets, is an exploration of the existential concerns of the poet regarding the innocence and experience of childhood. The _____ Four Impromptus conveys ideas of the power of music and the human experience. Both poems display the personal themes of music, childhood innocence, human development and romanticism, reflecting these dominant experiences in Harwood’s personal life. By†¦show more content†¦This indicates that music is seen as being more than the physical, but rather transcending into the realm of the spiritual and as being a fundamental element of human joy. In Harwood’s own life, she found joy and fulfillment her musical endeavors. From a young age she yearned to become a famous musician. She believed that music was more than just sounds, that it had the ability to help people ‘understand unquestionable shapes of truth’. By noting the significant role that music played in Harwood’s life, the power and symbolism of music in her poetry can be better understood. 2. Childhood Innocence Harwood explore ideas concerning childhood innocence and experience through her poems, reflecting her deep interest in philosophy and the human experience. As a young contemporary reader, Harwood’s emphasis on the importance of childhood memories is particularly resonant, evoking the audience to reflect upon their own naà ¯ve recollections. This is also supported by the critic Hoddinott who stated that within Harwood’s body of work, â€Å"dreams of childhood have a particular power†¦perception of the truth with fear of the unknown† is also evident in â€Å"The Violets† where the importance of memories is explored as a reflection on an individual’s growth from naivety to experience. Harwood uses the rhetoric â€Å"Where’s morning gone?† in recognition of the carelessness exhibited in childhood

The Effects Of Standardized Tests On Education Essay

Education has never been constant, always subjected to the whims of various trends as they come in and out of style. Recently, many in the field have pushed for more data on each individual student, supplied by an increasing number of longer standardized assessments. This trend has clearly had a large impact on education, exemplified by the recent proliferation of standardized tests administered to students, especially young students. In an opposing trend, attempting to counteract that increased attention to numbers, exists the push for more emotion and personal growth aimed instruction inside the classroom. Those in favor of data argue that the numbers allow instruction to be tailored to a student s individual needs, while those in opposition maintain that a child is not a number, but a complex individual who will succeed best when given appropriate emotional tools. Bridging the gap between the two camps is a third viewpoint: emotional strength should be routinely assessed and consi stently taught in order to effectively emphasize its importance to students. While social-emotional skills and traits are vital to a student’s eventual success, teachers should model these attributes, not test for them, as the assessments available are both impractical and ineffective. Students are, first and foremost, people; young people at that. And while their academic success and growth is at the forefront of education’s focus, their possession of appropriate tools to relate to orShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Standardized Tests On Education Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesD) All of the Above Emotions Education has never been constant, always subjected to the whims of various trends as they come in and out of style. Recently, many in the field have pushed for more data on each individual student, to be supplied by an increasing number of longer standardized assessments. This trend has clearly had a large impact on education, exemplified by the recent proliferation of standardized tests administered to students, especially young students. In an opposing trend attemptingRead MoreStandardized Tests have a Negative Effect on Education Essay560 Words   |  3 Pages Each education class that I have taken has further changed my notion of what a teacher actually does. Strangely, the painstaking hours of taking standardized tests in elementary and middle school slipped my mind. I attended the private high school, Lee Academy, so that could be another reason as to why I do not remember the standardized tests. Since 9th grade I have only had to take the PSAT’s and SAT’s. The presentation by the RSU #34 members freshened my memory however. A teacher does not simplyRead MoreStandardized Testing1272 Words   |  6 PagesSynthesis Essay on Standardized Testing Standardized testing in the United States started in the mid- 1800’s (Standardized Tests - ProCon.org). This kind of testing was originally created to measure students’ performance and progress in school (Standardized Tests - ProCon.org). In recent years, the public school system has relied heavily on the information this test provides, in doing so creating controversy. Other than being a student myself, and participating in multiple standardized exams such asRead More The Negative Impact of High Stakes Standardized Testing1191 Words   |  5 PagesStandardized testing is not a new concept; it has been in use since the mid to late 1990’s. However the â€Å"high stakes† focus on standardized testing is. The practices that accompany standardized testing have long been in debate. Those in favor of standardized testing will argue that the testing creates a system that increases grades and accountability among teachers, students and school districts across th e country. On the other hand those that oppose standardized testing will argue the ill effectsRead MoreStandardized Testing Has Impacted Public Schools1348 Words   |  6 Pagesactivities, family, etc. Perhaps standardized tests are a major contributor to students’ stress. A standardized test is any test scored in a consistent manner and requires test-takers to answer identical questions. Among the most common include the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and the American College Test (ACT). According to the article â€Å"Standardized Testing Has Negatively Impacted Public Schools† from Opposing Viewpoints in Context, the beginnings of standardized tests occurred during World War IRead MoreStandardized Testing Has a Negative Effect on American Youth Essay1133 Words   |  5 PagesAlpha Test. 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The controversies over standardized testing in the United State, and specifically New Jersey, stem from the testing process and the creation of these tests. SomeRead MoreStandardized Tests And Its Adequacy993 Words   |  4 PagesThe debate on standardized tests and its adequacy in testing a student’s knowledge about a subject has been going on for many years. Tests, in general, has been around for centuries and without them there would not be progress and no gleams of progress. Students ranging from elementary school to high school have experienced standardized testing. Teachers, educators, and parents are also involved in the students’ lives, which revolves arou nd the tests, one way or another. There are many views on standardizedRead MoreStandarized Testing and Alternatives1166 Words   |  5 PagesEducation is the single most important subject for a better future in America and in many other countries. But how can we measure if the students are actually learning and getting a good education? With the use of standardized tests we are now able to evaluate the knowledge of a large number of students regardless of its effects on education. The earliest record of standardized testing originated in China, where candidate applying for government jobs had to be examined in philosophy and poetry .Read MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1302 Words   |  6 Pages Standardized Testing is a regulation of rigorous dialogue and debate. Both sides of this subject impose arguments based upon moral and financial justifications, and span from the local to national level of legislation. The policy of standardized testing as a means to identif y schools who are lacking in successful educational processes neither harm school districts through unequal distribution of power, nor negatively affect students’ learning; rather, it benefits students, faculty, and districts

Analysis of International Communication and Globalization...

We all seem to partake –somehow- in a new streak of research where the concept of globalisation takes form of some sort of mantra, rendering previously valid questions irrelevant and imposing new paradigm shifts in a variety of disciplines. In the field of International communication, the process of globalisation is not only about the emergence of huge transnational corporations. It also implies changes in communication policies and their impact on cultural autonomy and identity not only in weaker nations but in the most powerful ones as well. It is in this context that International Communication scholars are forced to rethink their existing theories of the free flow of information, the rapid growth of information technology, and the†¦show more content†¦The first part of this book features an interesting discussion about two key and contending research tendencies in the field of International Communication: an ‘Orthodox’ trend usually associated with the American tradition of quantitative research, and a ‘Critical’ trend that started in Western Europe with a qualitative and theoretical interest in the study of culture in terms of impact on ‘forms of consciousness and ways of life.’(p.7) This dichotomization might have been true in the early beginnings of International Communication research, but it no longer holds today as more American scholars adopt a critical approach in their enquiry of the effects of global communication on national cultures. Besides, Mohammadi should have asked someone else who not only writes about but also does critical research. James Halloran, who was given the task to represent the critical tradition, is more concerned with mass communication and public- policy making than cultural processes. The section on communication technology, deregulation and their impact on Third World countries is a discussion of how globalization and rapid technological change increase competition and accentuate the need for developing countries to adapt quickly. Adaptation, however, entails submission to a non-privileging economic order dictated by international financial institution, which helps to erode the autonomy of nation-states. As averred earlier, these arguments have been

Historical Influences on the Architecture of the Suleymaniye Mosque Essay Example For Students

Historical Influences on the Architecture of the Suleymaniye Mosque Essay How has diverse civilizations and architecture throughout history influenced the architecture of the Suleymaniye Mosque? The chief issue that will be covered by the writer in this thesis is the inquiry of how different civilizations and architectural manners have influenced the Suleymaniye Mosque’s design and construction. The ground for this probe is to place characteristics, which have been acquired from other civilizations, and besides the manner in which Architect Sinan developed an architectural manner that was besides influenced through the usage of other landmark edifices around him such as the Hagia Sophia. Having said this, it is of import to place his technology expertness, which will be discussed further in the 2nd chapter of the thesis. It will be utile to besides hold a expression at the influence that Architect Sinan acquired during his life-time through other architectures and whether he has reflected these onto the devising of the Suleymaniye Mosque. The initial subdivision of the thesis will be centered on familiarising the reader with the history of Mosques severally and how they have transformed over clip up until the Ottoman Empire, every bit good as during the age of Sinan ; where his manner and plants will be discussed. This will give the reader an apprehension of how the stylistic and structural features of traditional signifiers have developed over clip and evolved into Ottoman Mosques and accordingly the Suleymaniye. Which brings us onto the 2nd chapter of the thesis. As mentioned, the 2nd subdivision will mostly cover the Suleymaniye Mosque’s history, map and construction. It is of import to observe that the Suleymaniye Mosque has been through Restoration many times due to temblors ( which are a common happening in Istanbul ) and wars, and how this has changed certain facets of the edifice. The writer will besides look into whether or non the mosque has adapted to the altering times and societal demands which the passing of clip has brought with itself. Further, as seen from the tabular array of contents, the functionality of the mosque will besides be explored. As portion of a larger composite, besides known as the ‘Suleymaniye complex’ , the Suleymaniye is a little but of import portion of this composite which besides bears with it different functionalities. These will be described, as it will besides give more of an penetration into the possible changing nature of the Suleymaniye Mosque through the acquisition of different functionalities within the complex itself. The construction is a major characteristic within the mosque, as it was influenced over clip by many civilizations and architectures such as the Hagia Sophia once more, and Palladio, every bit good as act uponing other architecture such as Michel angelo s dome found above the roof of St Peter s, Rome. The 3rd chapter will ab initio look into the influence of other civilizations such as the Islamic influence, the influence of the Byzantine Empire every bit good as the Barque-Style. However, as Turkey is entirely an Muslim state, and has been an Islamic state for many old ages pre-dating the Ottoman epoch, it is clear that the chief influence will be the Muslim civilization. However, it is of import to besides look into other cultural influences particularly since people from other civilizations besides populate Turkey. Istanbul itself has been a metropolis which seen the presence of people from different states and or civilizations brought by war etc. The issue of diverse cultural influences will originate within this survey when we talk about the construction of the Suleymaniye mosque and its features as different parts have been influenced or attained from a assortment of different civilizations. The Mosque has merged Islamic and Byzantine architectural elements. Within the concluding chapter of the thesis, the writer will see the influential consequence of other architecture on the Suleymaniye mosque. Again, civilization will be prevailing in this chapter excessively in order to understand how architecture is of an influence. For illustration, Architect Sinan has combined tall, slight towers with big vaulted edifices reinforced by half domes in the manner of the Byzantine churchHagia Sophia. Many other manners from other civilizations are apparent within the Mosque, for illustration when the Suleymaniye Mosque was destroyed by afire in 1660and was restored on the bid of grand Turk Mehmed IV by architect FossatAÂ ± . However the Restoration changed the mosque into a more churrigueresque manner architecture. Advantages and Disadvantages of Smartphones EssayThe courtyard is enclosed on three sides by stonewalls, through the Windowss of which the sanctuary and funerary garden may be viewed. The 4th side has no wall built, leting a birds-eye position of the metropolis and Golden horn. The minarets of the Suleymaniye have a sum of 10 balconies ; this was due to Suleyman the Magnificent being the 10th Ottoman grand Turk. Two taller minarets both frame the forecourt and tag the entryway to the interior infinite of worship where the sidewalls of the forecourt meet the mosque. The mosque has many structural features that resemble the Hagia Sophia. Sinan knew the Hagia Sophia good as he contributed to its saving. For about 500 yearsByzantine architecturesuch as the church of Hagia Sophia functioned as theoretical accounts for many of the Ottoman mosques including the Suleymaniye. Although both were constructed in really different times, one stand foring the Christian-Byzantine Empire and the other stand foring the capableness of the designer Sinan and the Islamic-Ottoman Empire, they have similarities as the Hagia Sophia influenced the Suleymaniye. Similar to the Hagia Sophia four giant wharfs hold up the chief domes over a square program. However the support system is much more complex ‘two half-domes stand on the axis ofqiblahand hugearched walls filled with Windowss stand on the cross-axis’ . The multiple domes and the arches back uping them besides help to beef up and administer the weight of the monolithic cardinal dome. Equally good as the columns being an indispensable portion of the complex dome and support system of the mosque, it besides had important symbolic value sacredly, symbolically and besides architecturally. Although this supports the thought of influence of Hagia Sophia on the mosque, it besides shows that the Suleymaniye mosque remains a alone piece of architecture due to its complexness, from the colliding facets Sinan applied to the mosque. Taking elements from foreign civilizations and faiths and uniting them into something original can be recognized in the Suleymaniye Mosque merely by analyzing at the structural qualities and stuffs. The originality of the great Ottoman mosques did non look by taking all the foreign influences, nor can it simply be reduced to the Byzantine manner. It is a mixture that developed by the process of integrating of foreign civilization by the Turks of Byzantine civilization. This is what Ottoman Empire is, a multiracial, multilingual, and multicultural imperium, whic h is what will be explored farther throughout this survey. Bibliography: 1. Cansever, Turget. The Architecture of Mimar Sinan. Architectural Design. V. 74. n. 6. Nov/Dec 2004. pg 64-70. 2. Celebi, Sai Mustafa. Book of Buildings: Memoirs of Sinan the Architect. Kocbank: Istanbul, 2002. pg. 68. 3. Freely, John and Augusto Romano Burelli. Sinan: Architect of Suleyman the Magnificent and the Ottoman Golden Age. Thames A ; Hudson: London, 1992. pg. 15-18, 26-33, 44-45, 74-77, 123-137. 4. Goodwin, Godfrey. Sinan: Ottoman Architecture and Its Valuess Today. Redwood Press Limited. Great Britain, 1993. Pgs. 33-45. 5. Nelipuglu, Gulru. The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. Reaktion Books: London, 2005. pg. 207-221. 6. Yayinlari, Ege. Sinan: An Interpretation. Istanbul, Turkey, 1997. Pgs. 28-30. 7. Grabar, Oleg, erectile dysfunction. 1990. Muqarnas Volume VII: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. Leiden: E.J. Brill. Page 92 8. Art History, Volume I: Prehistoric-1400, pgs 520 – 522 9. Sinan and Palladio: two civilizations and nine squares, International diary of architectural heritage, vol. 6, no. 1, 2012 Jan./Feb. , pgs. 1-18. 10. The Suleymaniye Mosque: a computational fractal analysis of ocular complexness and layering in Sinan s masterwork, ARQ: architectural research quarterly, vol. 16, no. 2, 2012 June, p. 171-182. 11. Global architecture: the masterworks / Will Pryce, London: Thames and Hudson, 2009.Pgs 193 – 195 12. Particular issue. Mimar Sinan: the urban vision, Environmental design, vol. 5, no. 5/6 ( 1/2 ) , 1987, p. 6-221.